Exocentric Compound Definition and Examples

In morphology, an exocentric compound is a  compound construction that lacks a head word: That is, the construction as a whole is not grammatically and/or semantically equivalent to either of its parts. Also called a headless compound. Contrast with endocentric compound (a construction that  fulfills the same linguistic function as one of its parts). Put another way, an exocentric compound is a compound word thats not a hyponym  of its grammatical head.  As discussed below, one well-known type of exocentric compound is the  bahuvrihi compound  (a term that is sometimes treated as a synonym for ​exocentric compound). Linguist Valerie Adams illustrates exocentricity in this way: The term exocentric  describes expressions in which  no part seems to be of the same kind as the whole or to be central to it. The noun change-over is exocentric, and so are verb-complement noun compounds like stop-gap, along with adjective noun and noun noun compounds like air-head, paperback, lowlife. These compounds...do not denote the same kind of entity as their final elements.  Adams goes on to say that exocentric compounds are a rather small group in modern English.   Examples and Observations Delmore Schwartz The  new public attitude becomes clear if you ask this leading question: Which would you rather be, an egghead or a  blockhead?   Matthew Ricketson [Barry]  Humphries, whose act combines  lowbrow  antics with a highbrow aesthetic, is both well educated and well read, as the range of images and references in his conversation displays. Lexicalized Metonyms According to Volkmar Lehmann in Categories of Word-Formation.[E]xocentric compounds are a major type of metonyms, not only in ad hoc settings... but also as lexicalized items with often highly idiosyncratic, fixed interpretations, as a few examples in (84) show: (84a) green beret, blue jacket, red shirt, blue stocking, brass hat, red cap (84b) red skin, flatfoot, red head, long nose (84c) pickpocket, fly over, scarecrow, breakfast Lexicalized metonyms are frequently adjective-noun compounds with the bearer of the specified attributes providing the head, as the examples (84a) and (84b) show; other types are based on verb complement combination where the omitted agent of the verb supplies the head, as in cases like (84c). Bahuvrihi Compounds According to Laurie Bauer in The Typology of Exocentric Compounding, There is no surprise in having bahuvrihi compounds as one of the types of exocentric compound—or at least, if there is, it is because the Sanskrit label is sometimes appropriated for exocentrics as a group rather than for one type of exocentric.... As is well known, the label is from Sanskrit, where it exemplifies the types. The elements are bahu-vrihi  much rice and it means having much rice (e.g. of a village) or one who/which has much rice..... The alternative label possessive compound is explained by the example of bahuvrihi,...though there are some examples where the gloss is less obvious: for example, English red-eye (with various meanings including cheap whisky and overnight flight) does not clearly denote anything which has red eyes, but rather something which causes someone to have red eyes. Typically,  bahuvrihis are made up of a noun (the possessed noun) and a modifier for that noun.In Adjectives as Nouns, Anne Aschenbrenner says, Exocentric compounds can also function as a means to denote a characteristic of a person. Marchand (1969) however, refuses the term compound in exocentric compound because he argues that a  bahuvrihi  compound like paleface would not imply the paraphrase *a face that is pale but a person who has a pale face. Hence, the combination must be called a derivate (i.e. due to zero-derivation) in his opinion.   Sources Adams, Valerie.  Complex Words in English,  Routledge,  2013. Aschenbrenner, Anne.  Adjectives as Nouns, Mainly as Attested in Boethius Translations From Old to Modern English and in Modern German. Herbert Utz Verlag, 2014. Bauer, Laurie. The Typology of Exocentric Compounding.  Cross-Disciplinary Issues in Compounding, edited  by Sergio Scalise and Irene Vogel. John Benjamins, 2010. Lehmann, Volkmar. Categories of Word-Formation.  Word-Formation: An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe, vol. 2, edited  by  Peter O. Mà ¼ller et al., Walter de Gruyter, 2015. Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation. 2nd ed, C. H. Becksche Verlagsbuchhandlung,  1969, pp. 13-14. Ricketson, Matthew,  The Best  Australian Profiles,  edited  by Matthew Ricketson. Black, 2004. Schwartz, Delmore. Survey of Our National Phenomena.  The Ego Is Always at the Wheel, edited  by Robert Phillips. New Directions, 1986.

Cyber Bullying Among Teenagers Essay - 4981 Words

CYBER BULLYING AMONG TEENAGERS An Undergraduate Research Paper Presented to Prof. Rene Laurente G. Reyes In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For ENGL 1023 by ETA Bernadette A. Mendoza Rosette Diane A. Sta. Rosa Christine Joy D. Tamayo Elijah Mae J. Santos Angelika Ramota January 13, 2014 Cyber Bullying among Teenagers I. Cyber Bullying a. Definition b. History c. Thesis Statement II. Bullies and the Victims a. Feelings b. Facing Bullying III. Causes of Cyber Bullying a. Social Media b. Gender Difference c. Racism IV. Effects of Cyber Bullying a. Psychological b. Psychosocial V. Preventive Measures on Cyber Bullying a. Cyber Bullying Act b. Parent’s Duty c. Set Security and†¦show more content†¦These tactics are dangerous because once a student realizes their effectiveness, he or she may construct a life style from them. Developing a habitual use of bullying tactics can lead to negatively affecting a countless number of people as well as corruption in the workplace. Traditional bullying vs. Cyber bullying Technology’s progression is often equated with the advancement of human societies. Pivotal innovations, such as the Internet, have forever changed how people interact. Though these developments have allowed the human race to make great strides in many fields, they have also allowed forms of transgression to become more rampant and widespread. This is evident when considering how traditional bullying has evolved into an issue today known as cyberbullying. While bullying and cyberbullying are often similar in terms of form and technique they also have many differences. Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying allows the offender to mask his or her identity behind a computer. This anonymity makes it easier for the offender to strike blows against a victim without having to see the victim’s physical response. The distancing effect that technological devices have on today’s youth often leads them to say and do crueler things compared to what is typical in a traditio nal face-to-face bullying situation. A technological evolution As technology has evolved, bullying hasShow MoreRelatedCyber Bullying Has Become A Significant Problem Among Teenagers1583 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Cyber bullies can hide behind a mask of anonymity online, and do not need direct physical access to their victims to do unimaginable harm.† I believe this quote significantly summarizes the cowards who take advantage of others through the power of electronics. Verbal bullying has always happened in schools, but cyber bullying has become a significant problem amongst teenagers. Electronic access to social media outlets such as facebook, twitter, vine and snapchat, has made it easy for people to bullyRead MoreBullying And The Cyber Bullying Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesSTATEMENT BACKGROUND Cyber bullying refers to something when one uses their cell phone, computers or an electronic device to access internet and technology for the purpose of harassment and providing harms to others. Sending inappropriate messages, uploading disturbing images, threatening and posting something without someone’s’ approval are the forms of cyber bullying. The main aim of this research study is to look after the cyber bullying and the possible reasons of occurrence in teenagers. With the reasonsRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects On Society1283 Words   |  6 Pagesand entertainment among people all across the world. Despite the positivity of social media, it is also now being used to cause harm to people. Cyber bullying differs from traditional physical bullying, because it occurs through emails, texts, or social media. The person behind the computer can remain anonymous because the internet allows individuals to make up false information. Negative effects, such as d epression, suicide, and anxiety are some factors resulted in cyber bullying. There is a strongRead MoreThe Problem of Cyber Bullying1323 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology use in teenagers causing a new problem to arise. â€Å"Half of students admit to being bullied online, while an estimated seventy-nine percent of teenagers say it’s a problem,† (â€Å"An Old Problem with a New Face†). Since the rapid growth of technology, cyber bullying has become life-threatening for too many teenagers. Now that teenagers have phones and technology almost twenty-four hours a day, they are putting themselves at a greater risk of being cyber bullied. Cyber bullying is different fromRead MoreCyber Bullying : A Deep Seated Psychological Problem1359 Words   |  6 Pages Cyber Bullying Introduction Cyber bullying among teen occur when the teenagers harms or harass their peers over the information technology network. Cyber refers to any form of information technology and is not limited to social networks such as Facebook, blogs, twitter, SMS. It is important to note that an action can only be considered as bullying if it is repeated and conducted deliberatelyRead MoreCyber Bullying : Bullying And Bullying1290 Words   |  6 PagesModern Literature 5 May 2014 Bullying Bullying is like a disease, it stays within the schools, and community and people are trying to stop it. It destroys the victims that get bullied. Bullying has always been around and there are people trying to prevent it from happening. Bullying is being prevented by clubs and by people taking action. Bullying damages the victims and the computers can cause cyber-bullying also the victims have problems after being bullied. Cyber bullying and it keeps people hookedRead MoreCyber Medi The Virtual War1094 Words   |  5 PagesCyber-bulling: The Virtual War Bullying is a term that most of us recognize. We have either experienced it first hand or been a witness to it. Due to the precedent of today’s technology and the high speed Internet, bullying has evolved into a virtual war zone and the casualties, unfortunately are our youths. As stated by Cross, Dooley, and Pyzalski (2009) cyber-bullying by definition is â€Å"an aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedlyRead MoreCyber Bullying And The Modern Age Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesexactly what their children do on the computer. As teenagers socially establish themselves within peer groups, and involve their parents less and less in their social lives, they are less likely to tell their parents what they are doing on the internet, or share internet conversations with their family. This allows cyber bullies to target victims without any repercussions. For the most part, cyber bullying is much like traditional f orms of bullying, except for the fact that they take place online.Read MoreForms And Causes Of Teen Dating Violence1132 Words   |  5 Pages There are many things that teenagers end up going through, some good and some bad. One thing that some teenager unfortunately go through is dating violence. Dating violence is physical, emotional, psychologic, or sexual violence in a dating relationship. Throughout my paper I discuss some of the different reasons people may engage in dating violence, such as the media and bullying. I also discuss cyber dating violence and the effects it has on teenagers. You will be able to see the causeRead MoreBullying Effects900 Words   |  4 PagesCauses and Effects of Bullying Every year, approximately 7 percent of students report to being bullied (â€Å"Physical†). Most people know bullying is wrong, but it continues to play a dominating role in the lives of adolescents. Whether the bullying was done by spreading rumors, calling someone names or through the Internet, there are many different causes of bullying, why it occurs, and how it effects the victim. The causes of bullying can influence how the bully decides to target a victim. Victims

Pompeii- Politcal Life Free Essays

Pompeii, as a typical Roman colony provincial towns, was self-administrating in local matters, but subject to imperial decree from Rome. However, the emperor rarely interfered except where the empire’s security or local order was threatened. After the revolt in the amphitheatre between Pompeians and Nucerians in AD 59 the emperor, Nero, dismissed the two chief magistrates, had two more elected and appointed a law-giving prefect to supervise them. We will write a custom essay sample on Pompeii- Politcal Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now The inhabitants did not rail against such interference and constantly demonstrated their loyalty to the imperial family by constructing dedicatory statues, shrines, arches and buildings. The actual government, the executive body, consisted of two duumviri and two aediles, annually elected by the comitium, the people’s assembly of which all adult male citizens were members. The Duumviri were the two chief magistrates of each town and were placed the highest in political life. During their years of office, the Duumviri wore a toga with a thick purple boarder and would enjoy the best seats at the public games or at the theatre. Because they were endowed with the power to revise the Council Roll, the ‘Quinquennales’ commanded the greatest respect. The annual election of these four magistrates was the comitium’s only function, and the elections did not fail to generate a fair deal of passion and excitement which can be seen in Source A which is showing graffiti of a political matter drawn on a wall to notify the people of Pompeii about the political event occurring. Of the four magistrates, the two aediles were in charge of public buildings, including temples such as the Temple of Isis, which can be seen in source B. The Temple of Isis In Pompeii, only freeborn male citizens over 25 with good moral character could vote. Housing blocks or districts constituted electoral areas. The Senatorial and the Equestrian classes represented and served the Roman Emperor. For senators, it was a hereditary position, with the requirement to have property valued at 1 million secterces. Senators were usually wealthy Romans who visited their villas in Pompeii. Equites were identified by togas with a narrow purple stripe. Equites served the Emperor in important posts such as commanders of fire services and military officers. It was not a hereditary position and was only given to men with property equal to 400,000 secterces. Decurions, were elected to run the town. Two were called duumviri, and were senior magistrates. They presided over elections, carried out decrees of the Decurion council, and were in charge of justice and finance. The two junior Decurions were the Aediles. They managed the dayto- day running of the town, upkeep of public buildings, water supply, sanitation, street markets and maintained order. Aediles were unpaid and needed other occupations to pay their employees. Politics and religion were heavily intertwined, where religious roles became political. The Augustales was an imperial cult of freedmen, which afforded its members political power. Membership was purchased; therefore a degree of wealth was required. Located one block away from the Forum in Pompeii is the Temple of Fortuna Augusta which housed the Augustales. characteristic was self-governance. .The duumviri were in charge of justice. Every five years, the duumviri were also responsible for organizing the census of all citizens and of revising the list of members of the ordo decurionum, the legislative council (or senate). It had about 100 members (decuriones), among them the former magistrates and other citizens appointed by the duumviri every five years. They had to be free-born citizens and wealthy enough to be able to spend considerable sums on the community. Some professions (such as gladiators, actors and innkeepers) were excluded from membership, which otherwise appears to have been relatively open. The Aediles, however, being the two lower ranking magistrates of the two towns, were responsible for the everyday administration. The reconstruction of Pompeii’s political structure is mainly based on epigraphical evidence such as the many election slogans on the walls of private as well public buildings, and on comparisons with other, similar colonies. The dramatic change from basically independent Samnite town to a Roman colony had of course a great impact on Pompeii’s townscape and the lifestyle of its inhabitants. The epigraphic evidence suggests that political activity in Pompeii was intense, especially leading up to the elections in March of each year. It appears from the thousands of electoral notices painted on the walls that most people, including women, were politically aware and enthusiastic. BUILDINGS The city council met in the lavishly decorated Curia chamber on the southern side of the Forum adjacent to the Comitium (People’s assembly) in the southern-eastern corner. The Comitium was a roofless building where town meetings were held during which the citizens could question the members of the government. The evidence for heavy gates suggests that some meetings might have been quite boisterous. It may also have been used on polling day. On the other side of the Curia was the small Tabularium where all the government. Business was recorded and filed, including tax records. Next door were the offices of the magistrates. The basilica was the seat of the judiciary and law courts, as well as a centre for business activities. Basilicas usually followed a standard plan: a long rectangular central hall, flanked on either side by a colonnaded aisle and an apse at one end. The central hall in Pompeii’s Basilica was two storeyed with light filtering through from the upper gallery. At one end, five doors linked the hall with the Forum and at the other was a raised podium where the magistrate, as judge, sat above the lawyers, witnesses, plaintiffs and defendants. It is believed that the tribunal podium was accessed by portable wooden steps which were removed during a session so that the public could not reach the judge. The two duoviri made judgements about: unworthy decurions, electoral candidates without the required qualifications, inappropriate behaviour during elections, and misuse of public funds, robberies and murder. They were responsible for sentencing, but could only give the death penalty to foreigners and slaves. ELECTION FEVER About half of the electoral manifestos and propaganda discovered in Pompeii related to the election of March AD 79. Earlier slogans were whitewashed over to make advertising room for the next group of candidates. To identify himself, a candidate wore a white toga (candida) and employed a slave to whisper his name to all with whom he came in contact (nomenclator). How to cite Pompeii- Politcal Life, Papers

Innovative Health Care Delivery Model

Question: Describe one innovative health care delivery model that incorporates an interdisciplinary care delivery team. How is this advantageous to patient outcomes? Answer: Patient-Centered Medical Home would be effective for healthcare units in delivering quality service to the people or patients. Under this care liberation model, the patient treatment can be effectively coordinated via primary care physician. As a result of that, the patients would be able to receive required care and services from healthcare staffs (Zajac et al. 2014). Moreover, initial quick service to the sufferers will be provided and they do not have to wait to get initial treatment. On the other hand, the model will help in improving outcomes and decreasing costs and further restructuring re-imbursements. The patients would be able to seek timely service from the primary care physician. As an outcome, the patients can witness quick recovery in their health. Apart from that, patients would acknowledge more responsible staffs that would be ready all time to help them. Moreover, if the patients are in serious condition then it through this model the patients would be receiving all the support and medical treatment so that he/she can recover in quick time or came out of danger situation. On the other hand, the healthcare unit will be able to include more responsible, experience and capable on the board to deliver needed support and services to the patients (Patel et al. 2015). Under the model, the patients would not have to invest more money for medical treatment. Moreover, the patients would be able to know who are assigned for taking care of them in day and night. Therefore, it would provide mental satisfaction to the patients. References Patel, N. K., Jan, C. R., Stange, K. C., Miller, W. L., Crabtree, B. F., Nutting, P. (2015). Patient Centered Medical Home: A Journey Not a Destination. InGeriatrics Models of Care(pp. 155-162). Springer International Publishing. Zajac, P., Norris, M., Keenum, A. (2014). Patient-centered medical home. Osteopathic Family Physician, 6(1).

To kill a mockingbird themes essay Example For Students

To kill a mockingbird themes essay The novel by Harper Lee the first work of a young American writer once again confirms that in the literature there are no trivial themes and plots, there are only banal tricks. The book takes place in the town of America in the 1930s. In Alabama, where the Finch family lives: Atticus Finch and his children Jean-Louise, who in the family is called simply â€Å"Scout,† and Jim. His wife died when Scout was two years old. In the summer, her seven-year-old nephew Dill comes to visit Finches neighbor, a great inventor who immediately becomes a friend of Jim and Scout. A company of three children is experiencing different adventures. The writer uses an interesting technique: the adult world is shown through the eyes of the child. The narrative of the book is conducted on behalf of the little girl Jean-Louise Finch (at the beginning of the book she is 6 years old at the end of 9), which everyone calls Scout. The nickname is thought up extremely successfully. Jean Louise sees everything, and even if something she cannot explain yet, she still hides all the details, so that later, having become an adult woman, tells us about it. We will write a custom essay on To kill a mockingbird themes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Eyed with a lawyer-dad and brother John (her mother died) lives in the small town of Maycomb in the south of the United States. This place lives a life of seclusion in accordance with its laws, and the storm of the outside world (and the novel takes place in the mid-1930s during the Great Depression) hardly touches it. It is not surprising that for a girl of her years, the main thing in life is all kinds of games and entertainments that she makes up with her brother and with buddy Jill coming for the summer (among other things, his prototype was another famous American writer Truman Capote, with whom Harper Lee met in childhood). To childrens play superimposed plot thread of the novel, in the center of which is the court case on unsubstantiated charges of raping a white nigger woman. The heroines father Atticus Finch decided to address a lawyer a black man, which nearly cost him his life (he wanted to lynch mob), and then his daughter. This plot shows the psychological problems of the growing girl are superimposed, which gradually realizes that the world around it is not as prosperous as it seemed. Neighbors and even friends do not fit into the usual schemes imposed by the southern society, and Scout has to learn from the pope what a compromise is. She has to learn and much more. For example, that Scarecrow Radley, their neighbor, whom they portrayed as an evil monster in their games, is a kind person with a crippled fathers fate. At some point, Dill learns the story of the Scarecrow Radley (Boo). Scarecrow or Arthur Radley is a mysterious figure among the inhabitants of Maycomb. For fifteen years no one has seen him. Children believe that it comes out only at night and eats raw squirrels and cats. Since the time when the children try to see the Scarecrow Radley, the events take an unexpected turn. And then there is drama in the adult world. A black man is accused of violence against a white girl. Father Scout is a lawyer, and he is entrusted with this matter. But its impossible to win, because Tom Robinson is black, which means hes guilty no matter what and there is also Mrs. Dubose. For the white inhabitants of Maycomb, the Afro-American is a second-class man who cannot be trusted. Despite the brilliant defense of Atticus Finch, Tom is convicted. During the attempt to escape from prison, Tom Robinson is killed. .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 , .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 .postImageUrl , .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 , .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264:hover , .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264:visited , .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264:active { border:0!important; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264:active , .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264 .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue40cadf2bceb6e2fe19864b877527264:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: bush's crazyness EssayThe novel To Kill a Mockingbird is the life of a six-year-old girl, whom she tells herself. Scout describes everything he sees around, even that which he does not yet understand (but the reader understands very well). Why, with all the obvious innocence of Tom Robinson, he is found guilty, why is the Scarecrow Radley(Boo) sitting in confinement, or why, even though she reads since she was four, she is scolded at school for this and forced to learn to read anew, it was his trial. As always, the childs simple questions denounce the adults in lies, pretense, and selfishness. But all the same, the main theme of the book is not social inequality for people, not racial and other prejudices, but the theme of the family, the environment where children live and grow up. Atticus Finch is a wonderful father who needs to learn all his parents. In the most difficult situations, he can unobtrusively explain to his children what is good and what is bad and create an atmosphere of mutual trust and honesty. Atticus Finch is an example of constant moral education and care for the inner life of his children. In addition, the novel contains and magnificent sketches of provincial life, which could be independent novels. What is the story of a rare event in the life of southern Maycomb the snowfall, which Jean Louise saw the first time in her life? I cannot but mention the wonderful language of the writer, who was expertly informed by translator Nora Gal. In his penetrating and, at the same time, living intonations, expressive details, and vivid details, much of the charm of this novel lies. And despite the tragic pages, the book is filled with sparkling humor, because childhood is a happy time, so it remained in the memory of the grown Scout. As for any work of the Big Literature, it is rather difficult to define the genre To Kill a Mockingbird. It cannot be said unequivocally that this is a female romance, a book for children or an autobiographical novel most likely, all this simultaneously, it combines them all. The central event in the book is the trial of the black man. Harper Lee puts his whole soul into the description of the whole action. It describes futility. The defender at the beginning of the process already knows that he will lose the case. And how much the author would not try to convince the reader of the nobility of impulses of the humiliated person, creating for the reader a picture of injustice in human minds. Maybe she did not finish something. All the same, the jury trial is the highest achievement of democracy. It cannot be wrong. Or it can be?

The Cautious and Paranoid Foreign Policy of John Adams

The Cautious and Paranoid Foreign Policy of John Adams John Adams, a Federalist and Americas second president, conducted a foreign policy that was at once cautious, underrated, and paranoid. He sought to maintain Washingtons neutral foreign policy stance, but increasingly found himself grappling with France in the so-called Quasi-War during his only term in office, from 1797 to 1801. Adams, who had significant diplomatic experience as ambassador to England before the adoption of the Constitution, inherited bad blood with France when he took over the presidency from George Washington. His foreign policy responses rank from good to poor; while he kept the U.S. out of the full-blown war, he fatally hurt the Federalist party. Quasi-War France, which had helped the U.S. win independence from England in the American Revolution, expected the US to help militarily when France entered another war with England in the 1790s. Washington, fearing dire consequence for the young country, refused to help, opting instead for a policy of neutrality. Adams pursued that neutrality, but France began raiding American merchant ships. Jays Treaty of 1795 had normalized trade between the US and Great Britain, and France considered American commerce with England not only in violation of the Franco-American Alliance of 1778 but also lending aid to its enemy. Adams sought negotiations, but Frances insistence on $250,000 in bribe money (the XYZ Affair) derailed diplomatic attempts. Adams and the Federalists began building up both the US Army and Navy. Higher tax levies paid for the buildup. While neither side ever declared war, the US and French navies fought several battles in the so-called Quasi-War. Between 1798 and 1800, France captured more than 300 US merchant ships and killed or wounded some 60 American sailors; the US Navy captured more than 90 French merchant ships. In 1799, Adams authorized William Murray to make a diplomatic mission to France. Treating with Napoleon, Murray crafted a policy that both ended the Quasi-War and dissolved the Franco-American Alliance of 1778. Adams considered this resolution to the French conflict one of the finest moments of his presidency. Alien and Sedition Acts Adams and the Federalists brush with France, however, left them afraid that French revolutionaries might immigrate to the U.S., link up with the pro-French Democrat-Republicans, and stage a coup that would oust Adams, install Thomas Jefferson as president, and end Federalist domination in the US government. Jefferson, leader of the Democrat-Republicans, was Adams vice-president; however, they hated each other over their polarized governmental views. While they became friends later, they rarely spoke during Adams presidency. This paranoia prompted Congress to pass and Adams to sign the Alien and Sedition Acts. The acts included: The Alien Act: enabled the president to deport any resident alien he believed to be dangerous to the U.S.The Alien Enemies Act: enabled the president to arrest and deport any alien whose home country was at war with the US (an act aimed directly at France)The Naturalization Act: extended the length of residency required for an alien to become a US citizen from five to 14 years and prevented immigrants from voting against incumbent Federalist office-holdersThe Sedition Act: made it illegal to publish false, scandalous, or malicious material against the government; the president and justice department had such wide latitude to define those terms that this act nearly violated the First Amendment Adams lost the presidency to his rival Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1800. American voters could see through the politically driven Alien and Sedition Acts, and news of the diplomatic end to the Quasi-War arrived too late to mitigate their influence. In response, Jefferson and James Madison wrote  the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

Discuss politics and power in the workplace. What is an example of an Term Paper

Discuss politics and power in the workplace. What is an example of an appropriate use of power What is an example of an inappropriate use of power, and why - Term Paper Example The concept of power stems from the concept of hierarchy in an organization and therefore power has to be exerted to get work done. Hence power backed with politics is an essential force to create change in an organization which leads to innovation. Power and politics can be used in both positive and negative ways. A balanced use of power in appropriate ways to regulate and monitor employees with strong leadership qualities can bring both satisfaction at the workplace and huge rewards for the organization. In contrast forceful manipulation and abuse of power to dominate others is extremely harmful for both the workers and the organization. Since power is always a bone of contention in the workplace, its proper usage can be tricky. Appropriate use of power should result in the form of happy, contended employees, a peaceful workplace and efficient performance. But by no means should the authority stop from exerting necessary power to prevent offending the employees. An appropriate use of power will be rewarding employees on their performance. This power can easily result in the reinforcement of the positive activities of the worker. These rewards do not necessarily have to be tangible but they can be small intangible praises which can be very meaningful for the employee and will boost his morale. (7 types of power in the workplace)Efficient use of power is also creating the right balance between being an ignorant leader and being a control freak. The employees should not be able to take advantage of the boss lenience but simultaneously should not be fed up of his micromanagement and criticism. The right ways to use powe r is dependent upon the organization and the workers but they all result in better performance, effective leadership and satisfied employees. When exerting power, it is very easy to cross the line and abuse it because with power comes the tendency to overuse it. In appropriate use of power will

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Business law - Essay Example A commodity maybe manufactured in one state, transported by a transport company from another state to a buyer in a totally different state. The code as it is deals with personal and movable property and real property which is always static like homes. This is the more reason the code applies to the case of Jack and Joseph. The TV sets are movable personal property which has actually been shipped from one state to the other. The facts of this case are in the disagreement on the terms of contract as well as the condition of the goods. The goods arrive with an increased price contrary to the initial agreement although there was an initial notification of 10 days to which no response of acceptance or rejection was offered. Further, the buyer rejects the second consignment due to deformations and notifies the seller as soon as possible. The UCC has provisions for rejection of goods and outlines the circumstances under which the buyer might reject the goods. It further explains the method or procedure for rejecting the goods and the consideration that the seller should be given. These provisions include the buyer being able to reject any good or part of a delivery which does not conform to the contract. The rejection must be made more affirmatively and should not be thought to be implied. This should be done by notifying the seller within a reasonable time. Rejection should be done by providing a reasonable defect ascertainable by inspection. The seller should also be given time to cure the defect in which case he must offer to cure the defect. If the seller is not informed of the defect then it might be assumed the defect could be curable had he been notified in time (Klocek v. Gateway, . 2000). In this case, though the seller will argue that he informed the buyer of the changes in price before shipment, the notification on increase in price was by letter and so the buyer could

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Competitor's Analysis - Essay Example Moreover, companies such as Dental Strategy, Dental Marketing Canada, and Chrisad have experienced personnel who extend expertise and knowledge in the delivery of services. The companies such as ADEI5 and Chrisad employ advanced technology through strong online services and website design packages that leads to effective consumer analysis in marketing that has led to increased brand awareness. Most of dentistry and marketing companies located in this industry such as Art of Management Inc.6, Dental Strategy,7 and Dental Marketing Canada8 do not extensively exploit advanced technology to market their services. They lack adequate information on their websites, poor customer service, and lack of original products that limits market options. Companies such as Chrisad9, Art of Management Inc. have their headquarters outside London with many sub-branches while Dental Marketing Canada operates online services. Customer needs become difficult to meet because they lack the time and flexibility to cater to customers in London. The companies like Art of Management, Chrisad, and ADEI10 also overspend in the provision of extra services such as educational programs and comprehensive practice assessments that are not the immediate demand of the target market. The market is in need of dentistry marketing and services. This company is locally based in London, and has a fixed location that will ease consultations with clients. Chrisad Company is located outside London and only takes one client per city; they are not heavily concentrated in the Canadian market that gives us time to develop. This company will not be overwhelmed with customers like our competitors who are already established. This will provide adequate time to attend to customers, and market our company. Eventually, demand for our services will be bolstered. Since the clientele is technologically perceptive, our growing professional online

School Leadership Contributes To Student Achievement Education Essay

School Leadership Contributes To Student Achievement Education Essay This makes schools and their leaders under increasing pressure to make them more effective since there is compelling evidence that the school makes a difference in determining the achievement of the students and later, in life. The effort to make schools and educators who manage the education process more effective is a worthwhile goal. For many years now, researchers in the area of educational leadership have attempted to identify links between educational leadership and school effectiveness. This phenomenon is mainly due to the perception that educational leaders, especially school principals, increase school effectiveness. The notion of leadership is continually evolving, often moving simultaneously in numerous directions (e.g., leader, manager, and administrator). Goldring and Greenfield (2002) argue that the image of the school leader has changed from a position that was once ideologically grounded in philosophy and religion in the1800s, to a highly perspective manager concerned with efficiency and focused on functional administrative tasks in the mid 1900s, to a behavioral science perspective in the mid to late twentieth century . Having reviewed the long-standing debate about the principalship . Sergiovanni (1991) concludes While distinctions between management, leadership and administration debates may be useful for theorists, the key is the recognition that the principalship involves multiple responsibilities and duties . As predicted by Laffey (1980), principals are expected to be all things to all people. They are expected to be effective managers, and currently, with the focus on student achie vement, and instructional leaders effectiveness. However, according to Scott (1983), Principals and other significant groups who work with them have expectations regarding the principals managerial role but disagree significantly with the principal as an instructional leader. Reports have noted that principals have resisted changing their role from manager to that of an instructional leader (e.g. Philadelphia School Improvement Project, Kopple, 1985). Moreover, where principals role transition has been successful, extensive training (Newburg Glatthorn, 1983) and/or long-term training efforts (Kline, 1987) were necessary. (Cited from School leadership that works, p.23) Statement of Problem In the past 20 years, much attention has been given to education leadership and its impact on students outcome. Recently, at the beginning of the 21st century, school accountability and initiatives have come to the forefront of educational practices more evidently than in the past. Schools now, more than ever, are challenged to improve to the extent that every effort is made to ensure the success of all students. In UNRWA Association where this study was conducted, the department of education has held for a number of years many reform plans for enhancing the school performance. Action by the UNRWA in this study is defined as restructuring ; a process that begins by identifying schools that are not making adequate progress as measured by a series of assessments and attendance rates. Schools under local restructuring are given additional assistance from the UNRWA and are directed to develop annual school improvement plans. Then they are monitored by the UNRWA every two years to check o n progress made in each school. Placed at high risk, as a result of these actions, is the school principal. Efforts to improve education relate directly to the quality of leadership provided in the schools. A past research has focused on the relationship between effective principals and effective schools (Edmonds 1982).In current and future research, student achievement is the key factor in defining effective principals and schools.( No child left behind Act,2001). School leaderships are progressively responsible for education quality based on the belief that students success or failures are determined by the way a school run (Fullen 2000) .These beliefs for more effective leadership skills and practices are described as a change agent ,manager ,symbolic leader ,instinctual leader, disciplinarian, decision maker and policy maker (Cotton,2003,Morzano,Wale and Mcnully ) . One impact of the reform movement of the last decade is to involve as many people as possible in local school decision making. This shared decision making reflects a less centralized approach to school leadership and requires a great deal of collaboration and trust (Midgely Wood, 1993). Collaborative decision making means many things and takes many forms, depending on the people involved; therefore the role of the principal changes as situations and circumstances change. As a principal of a school under restructuring, he or she must reconcile the demands and initiatives of the UNRWA with those of the local system to bring about school improvement (School focus development in UNRWA). Therefore, principals in these schools are under pressure to follow up the reforming revolution seeking out a better academic achievement. For that, this study was anchored in perspectives on the principal ship and on factors that shape how principals define and respond to their roles with respect to school reform, and how principals respond to some of the changes and challenges of the position. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is first, to determine Bolman and Deal leadership and management styles of principals as perceived by themselves, and by their principals assistances and by teachers. Second, to compare the leadership and management styles of school principals at risk to the styles of school principals showed an adequate progress in official exams for Grade nine. Finally, to determine the set of leadership and management behaviors that best describe the degree of principals performance in their schools, and their effectiveness in school academic achievement. Significance of the Study As a teacher, a central question, which requires further analysis is how exactly principals leadership style influence the instructional working of their school and thereby increase students achievement. My conceptual frame work is done on a Bolman and Deals four frames of model leadership. I have been through many models, but I found that this model is one of the best models necessary for improving the leadership style of any principal, indirectly increasing the school effectiveness. They classified these tools as frames, which give leaders a clearer view of reality. These include the structural, human resources, political, and the symbolic frame. Moreover, Bolman and Deal (1997) assert that leaderseffectiveness emerge when leaders are able to respond to the needs of their organizations by viewing them through more than one frame. In this way they can reach a deeper and better understanding of organizations. As a graduate student in the field of educational administration and leader ship, the question of how to practice the educational leadership in our school and how this influence learning outcomes are applied. As I experienced the complexity and diversity of school life through my teaching experience, I realized how confusing and frustrating leadership experiences can be, especially when you lack the tools needed to face these experiences. On the other hand, my teaching experience, through which I felt the impact of Bolman and Deals leadership techniques on the effectiveness of leaders, had a stimulating effect in the selection of this model, among others, to guide and enrich my study on school leadership. In broader terms, these experiences came to support the belief that leadership is a complex (Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy, 2002) and multifaceted process (Northouse, 2004), and can be exercised in any situation that requires influencing others. Tannenbaum, Weschler, and Massarik (1961) introduced the idea that leadership is applicable to all interpersonal rela tionships in which influence attempts are involved. How to deal with the constantly increasing challenges facing organizational life, how to help organizations improve, grow, or survive, and how to understand and gain insight into leadership as a topic and/or as a process, are some of the questions that have kept researchers and practitioners of leadership engaged. A review of the enormous body of literature on this topic reveals a significant interest in understanding leadership and its leadership effectiveness. Researchers interest in leadership over the past one hundred and fifty years reveals itself in the vast number of theories, models, and practical guides that have been developed to gain deeper knowledge into this phenomenon, and to improve leadership practices. In summary, this study is significant in that, it proposes to address the need to document the extent to which leadership behaviors differ among principals in schools at risk and principals in schools that have made adequate progress. There was a need to clarify the daily behaviors and practices of the principal and to provide insight into how the principal makes leadership decisions and judgments about school improvement and how to get the job done (Bolman Deal, 1997).This study will be useful to all UNRWA organizations wishing to proficiently exploit the leadership styles practiced by the principals as designed by Bolman and Deal. It will provide these organizations with a substantial association between leadership practices and students achievements as well as it will insight to raise this association, in order to maintain a competitive edge within the other school in the reforming evolutions . Research Questions and Hypotheses To gather data for this study, questions were asked to the principal and teachers. The following questions are: To what extent the principals frame utilization (structural, human resource, political and symbolic orientations) in schools labeled at risk differ from that in schools making adequate progress? Does the leadership style designed by Bolman and Deal affect the students academic achievement? Research Objectives Examine the different definitions of leadership and styles Identify the parameters which determine principals leadership style, schools organizational culture, and classrooms learning cultures. Examine the effects of the principals leadership style on schools effectiveness. Identify of Bolman and Deals model of leadership and examine the effect of having more than one frame on the principals behavior and students achievement. List the characteristics of the effective principal activities and their influence on learning outcome. Definition of terms School Leadership: The influential behaviors applied by the school administration or principal that facilitate teachers and the wider school community working towards the achievement of the mutually agreed upon organizational goals of the school.( NWREL 1995) Instructional Leadership: This entails the communication of the schools mission and goals, and the effective management of the instructional program of the school. This is accomplished through the provision of direction, emphasis, and support to the schools central mission of teaching for the success of all children.(NWREL1995). School Climate: The existing learning environment. This environment can either facilitate effective teaching and be conducive to student learning, or affect the quality of the teaching and be an impediment to student academic progress (NWREL 1995) Effective Schools: Settings in which students display high levels of academic achievement, satisfaction, morale, and pride in their schools (NWREL 1995)  [1]  . In this research synthesis, for most of the studies, school effectiveness is measured in terms of student academic achievements indicated by scores on various statewide tests School effectiveness is defined as student engagement in school .Blank (1987) used, in addition to student academic performance, student attendance in determining school effectiveness. Frame Utilization: a process by which leaders order their experiences and make informed decisions; framing helps filter out some things and allow others to pass through. Frames represent a lens through which principals might view their leadership behavior. (Bolman Deal, 1995). Bolman and Deal Frames: Frames represent the manner in which leaders view and process their experiences. Bolman and Deal (2003) identify four frames: structural, human resource, political and symbolic. Each frame has its own specific perspective for viewing a situation. (Bolman Deal, 1995). Leadership by Bolman and Deal Frame:Leadership is thus a subtle process of mutual influence fusing thought, feeling, and action to produce cooperative effort in the service of purposes and values of both the leader and the led. Single-frame managers are unlikely to understand and attend to the intricacies of a holistic process. (Bolman Deal, 1995). CHAPTER TWO Literature Review Introduction In the contemporary world, improvements of student achievements are recognized as the foremost objective of school reforms and restructuring efforts. With this objective in mind, many different reform problems are being implemented while key focus of the reforms is more or less the same. They focus on improving students learning and increasing their achievement (William. G. Kean; 2002). Students achievement can be viewed from two perspectives: the first perspective is to view achievement in terms of enrollment, or a number of students who pass a course, and the second perspective examines student achievement in terms of whether they mastered or attained course learning objectives. Enrollment numbers include the number of students who have passed the course, the number of non-grads, and the final average grade of the class. These enrollment numbers may be used to identify the causes for non-graduation. These numbers may also be compared over time to locate possible problems prior to class convening, such as lack of prerequisite knowledge, student concerns, or overall course concerns. (William. G. Kean ; 2002) Although the final average grade of a class is recorded to look at overall student performance, the percent of students who mastered, or attained, the individual objectives (terminal objectives and enabling objectives) are also recorded to find which units and/or lessons are the most difficult for the them. The percentages for the individual objectives can provide information about areas in the lesson where students may need extra help and may require modification or extra instruction. Student enrollment and achievement data can help educators to identify problem areas in the subject and improve it. Nowadays improvement of student achievement has always been one of the main goals of education. (William. G. Kean ; 2002) There are many factors that influence students outcome. First, student background characteristics -especially social, economic and cultural background frequently emerge as the most important source of variation in student achievement. Such student background characteristics cannot be easily influenced by educational policy in the short term. Second, school-related factors, which are more open to policy influence, explain a smaller part of the variations in student learning than student characteristics (Hallinger and Heck, 1996; Leithwood et al., 2006; OECD, 2005b). Third, among school-level variables, the factors that are closest to student learning, such as teacher quality and classroom practices, tend to have the strongest impact on student achievement (Leithwood and Riehl, 2003; OECD, 2005b). These factors are categorized as following: External factor such as the gender, race, parents education background, social state and reinforcement. Internal factors concerning motivation and self reflection Social factor includes the students ability to connect with teachers and students. Curricular factor includes all the practices done in the school to improve students outcome as matching teaching style to learning style, engaging material, engaged teachers and learners, collaborative / cooperative learning, instructional strategies, classroom management and classroom curriculum design etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Administrative factor that includes all the practices that done by the school leaders to improve students outcome. Even through all these factors which are necessary for increasing the students outcomes, school leadership has become a priority in education policy agendas across countries because it plays a key role in improving classroom practice, school policies and connections between individual schools and the outside world. It can encompass people occupying various roles and functions such as principals, deputy and assistant principals, leadership teams, school governing boards and school-level staff involved in leadership tasks. The Concept of Leadership The concept of leadership dates back to antiquity. According to Bass (1981), the study of leadership is an ancient art. Discussions of leadership appear in the works of Plato, Caesar, and Plutarch. Additionally, leadership is a robust concept that occurs universally among all people regardless of culture, whether they are isolated Indian villagers, Eurasian steppe nomads, or Polynesian fisher folk. Theories of leadership abound. They include approaches such as the great man theory, which suggests that, for example, without Moses the Jewish nation would have remained in Egypt and without Churchill the British would have acquiesced to the Germans in 1940; trait theories, which contend that leaders are endowed with superior qualities that differentiate them from followers; and environmental theories, which assert that leaders emerge as a result of time, place, and circumstance. Regardless of the theory used to explain it, leadership has been intimately linked to the effective functioning of complex organizations throughout the centuries. The traditions and beliefs about leadership in schools are no different from those regarding leadership in other institutions. Leadership is considered to be vital to the successful functioning of many aspects of a school. Concerning on school leadership, many definitions involve the process of influence. As YuKI has phrased it most definitions of leadership reflect the assumption that it involves a social influence process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person [or group] over other people [or groups] to structure the activities and relationships in a group or organization (Yukl, 2002). The term intentional is important, as leadership is based on articulated goals or outcomes to which the process of influence is expected to lead. Leadership is a broader concept where authority to lead does not reside only in one person, but can be distributed among different people within and beyond the school. Peter.G. Northouse also defines leadership as a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal and identifies the central components of leadership: (a) Leadership is a process; (b) leadership involves influence, (c) leadership occurs within a group context, and (d) leadership involves goal attainment (Northouse, 2004, p. 3). For the purpose of this study, leadership will be defined, in Bolman and Deals terms, as a process of mutual influence fusing thought, feeling, and action to produce cooperative effort in the service of purposes and values of both the leader and the led(Bolman Deal, 1997, p. 296 ). Leadership and Management The study of leadership and management has a long history. The concept of effective leadership prompts the question: by whose standards? Historically, school leaders have been portrayed as people in charge of a school who have the sole responsibility for leading those who work for them to success. This kind of school leader has the expectation that when he/she leads, others will follow. More recent views of leadership involve persuading other people to set aside for a period of time their individual concerns and pursue a common goal that is important for the group (Hogan et al., 1999). They express that leadership is persuasion, not domination; persons who can require others to do their bidding because of their power are not leaders. Leadership only occurs when others willingly adopt, for a period of time, the goals of the group as their own. Research from the last two decades has also shown a strong link between effective leadership and effective organizations (Bolman Deal, 1994; Boyan, 1988; Griffiths, 1988; Lezotte, 1997; Sergiovanni, 1995). Hogan et al. (1999) assert that a growing body of evidence supports the common sense belief that leadership matters (p.34). Fullan (2002) expresses that schools need leaders who can change what people in the organization value and how they work together to accomplish it (p.34). Fullan (2002) continues by saying the schools need leaders who can create a fundamental transformation in the learning cultures of schools and of the teaching profession itself (p.18). Beach and Reinhartz (2000) note that leadership is essential to promoting student achievement and creating a vision of success for the total educational program (p.72). A causal and definitional link exists between leadership and team performance, Hybels and Hodges (1999), who also note that leadership is about serving and starts on the inside and moves outward to serve others. Such leadership has the interest of others in mind, nurtures growth and development in others, is willing to listen, and thinks less about self while held accountable for performance. Lambert (1998) suggests that leadership involves learning together and constructing meaning and knowledge collectively and collaboratively to reflect on and make sense of work in the light of shared beliefs and create actions that grow out of these new understandings (pp.5-6). One of the most influential calls for educational leaders is to develop a vision suitable with the standard of the district .The school leader develops a vision of learning from the culture of the organization and establishes a mission for the school community. The vision is the primary and major influence on both the mission and the culture. Vision can be defined as foresight and forethought. It is the dream of where the school principal wants the school to be in the future. If it is a shared vision, it exceeds what the principal wants; it is now what the staff, students, parents and community leaders want. Every vision should be followed by a mission. Deal and Peterson (1999) wrote that the mission is the focus of what people do (p.23). The culture in a school reflects the vision and the mission of the school. In defining culture, Deal and Peterson (1999) state that it consists of the stable, underlying social meanings that shape beliefs and behavior over time (p.3). The vision is the dream; the mission is how to achieve the dream; and the culture is impacted by the realization of the vision as the mission is accomplished. Culture involves values, beliefs, mores, tools for establishing goals, and the way in which people are valued or devalued. Smith and Andrews (1989) explain that communication of vision is perhaps the most important way for principals to exert effective leadership-to leave no doubt about school priorities These principals know what to expect for the school and students and are able to infect others with that dream, a positive and beneficial contagion. Perhaps these principals can do nothing more important for their teachers and staff than to create a process for forging and reworking the vision or mission of the school. Traditionally, schools have not been places where adults can easily share the collegial relationships that are essential to leadership, as distinct from management, and teacher empowerment. An effective school principal demonstrates a strong interest in promoting collegiality and shared leadership, an interest in shifting the norms of the schools culture from the traditional to more collaborative ways of working together (Owens, 2004, p. 274). Powell (2004), in her research on the behaviors and practices of successful principals working with at risk schools, found that the school vision, mission and culture are important to the success of the school. She found that it is difficult to separate the three because one supports and affects the others. She also found other research that supports this claim. For example, it is the vision of the school that leads the way to accomplishing the goals of the school (Uchiyama Wolf, 2002). Dufour and Eaker (1998) state that the shared vision motivates the staff to work together and gives a sense of direction for what they want to accomplish in the future. The vision of the school principal influences the mission of the school. Papalewis and Fortune (2002) also cited examples of successful schools in which the goals that reflect the mission statement are displayed in every classroom. In these schools everyone knew the direction of the school and the posted goals in the halls and classrooms reflected their knowledge and commitment. In successful schools, there is a culture that shows everyone focused on teaching and learning. Connell (1999) described these schools as a place where everyone is involved in the work of the school. During Connell(1999) study about high-performing and high-poverty schools, Connell(1999) found that a staff focused on engagement in the school is an important aspect of school success. Connell ( 1999) stated: Of primary importance is the principals engagement in a school. There is no high-achieving school where the staff is not serious about their work and where they are not focused. One can sense that people in a building are moving in the same direction. Everyone knows their job and why theyre there even the lunch-room aide. In low-achieving schools, everyone is an island unto themselves. Clearly from the research, the vision of the principal is the key element of school leadership. With a vision, the leader is then able to influence the mission of the school and create a culture of learning that will promote success for all students. Hughes (2004) further explains a schools culture. He states a schools culture is a representation of what its members collectively believe themselves to be: It is their self-concept. It reflects what they value and what they express to others as being important around here'. Culture is a shared reality constructed over time; cultures may be cohesive or fragmented, strong or weak, and functional or dysfunctional depending on the degree to which the same reality is shared by organizational members (Morgan, 1986; Sergiovanni, 1990). It is clear that schooling has reached a turning point and the need for cultivating creative cultures is at hand (Hughes, 2004). The principal has emerged as the energizer and facilitator of this process. Purposeful direction depends on the leaders ability to inspire the creative contribution of all members of the organization. Leadership must become reciprocal as leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of moral consciousness and improvement of social order. Creative leaders recognize that excellence is facilitated through a bonding of purposes and values rather than through imposed structures designed to streamline, predict and quantify set objectives. Blumberg (1989) explains that the successful principal applies the craft of administration by balancing the art of leadership and the science of management to improve curriculum, instruction, and other important elements of school. He adds that by purposefully adding elements of a specific school setting into the general model, a principal can categorize and assess important site-specific school improvement actions. School leadership has become increasingly more complicated and vital to ensuring school success and soliciting substantial participation from faculty, staff and students. In responding to higher standards of increased student progress, school leaders recognize that they alone cannot be the sole instructional leaders but must coach, mentor, and empower faculty and staff in the pursuit of reform and renewal. As school leaders continue to adapt to their changing roles, effective leadership skills will be essential and the real challenge is providing the type of leadership skills necessary to assist schools in expanding their traditional boundaries (Green, 2001). Lambert (2002) notes that for decades, educators have understood that they are all responsible for student learning, but more recently administrators have come to realize that they are responsible for their own learning and the learning of their colleagues as well. School Leadership Contributes To Student Achievement Since we are focusing on the extent to how the of principals leadership and management style and behaviors affect the school academic achievements. A number of studies have been conducted to develop effective schools towards the achievement of better student outcomes as well as to identify the relationship between school effectiveness and school improvement. There are two related lines of research demonstrating the influence of school leaders on school improvement. The first line of inquiry is what is known as school effectiveness research which identified the characteristics of effective schools that influence the high-achieving schools particularly students achievement. The second line of research is what is focused primarily on the principals role in developing instructional programs which have mainly contributed to create more high-achieving schools. Now, let us focus on the first line of inquiry which primarily emphasizes the features of effective schools movement, leading to increase students achievement. The Coleman Report (1966 ) demonstrated that the school had little or no effect on student achievements, concluding that family background was the key factor influencing the student achievements. Following this report, many researchers in the 1970s and early 1980s intensively conducted similar studies and reacted sharply to the report (Edmonds, 1979, Walberg Scott, 1979; Austin, 1979). In contrast to Coleman report, Edmonds (1979) argued that school leadership behavior is critical in determining the quality of education. Further, on the basis of his research on instructionally effective schools in Detroit and a review of previous studies involving effective schools in New York, California, and Michigan, he has concluded that school factors have predominantly contributed towards the creation of instructionally effective schools. These factors are: (1) strong administrative leadership; (2) high levels of expectations in student achievements; (3) an orderly but not oppressive school cl imate; (4) a focus on pupil acquisition of basic school skills; (5) conducive atmosphere to the instructional process; (6) means of student progress monitoring; and (7) resources that can be focused on the fundamental learning objectives of the school. In line with these findings, Austin (1979) suggests that an effective school which can promote student outcomes need to provide a climate that stimulates ideas and facilitates the exchange of ideas with colleagues. Purkey and Smith (1985) have identified school leadership as one of the major factors in improving academic performance. For the purposes of seeking the perceptions of school communities on factors which mostly help the schools to

Organ Transplantation and Ethical Considerations Essay -- Medicine Med

Organ Transplantation and Ethical Considerations In February 2003, 17-year-old Jesica Santillan received a heart-lung transplant at Duke University Hospital that went badly awry because, by mistake, doctors used donor organs from a patient with a different blood type. The botched operation and subsequent unsuccessful retransplant opened a discussion in the media, in internet chat rooms, and in ethicists' circles regarding how we, in the United States, allocate the scarce commodity of organs for transplant. How do we go about allocating a future for people who will die without a transplant? How do we go about denying it? When so many are waiting for their shot at a life worth living, is it fair to grant multiple organs or multiple transplants to a person whose chance for survival is slim to none? And though we, as compassionate human beings, want to help everyone, how far should our benevolence extend beyond our borders? Are we responsible for seeing that the needy who come to America for help receive their chance, or are we morally responsible to our own citizens only? Rationing scarce resources presents an ethical challenge. I believe that since available organs are so scarce, it is imperative that the utility of donated organs be maximized. In this paper, I suggest that organ allocation be rooted in distributive justice, which demands that equals be treated equally and unequals be treated unequally. I will explore this formal principle and the substantive criteria of equality, need and efficacy (maximum survivability) as they relate to the just allocation of organs for transplant. I will apply these principles of justice to JÃ ©sica's case to show that while her first transplant was warranted, her second was not. And, fin... ...ut Transplant Error," www.ormanager.com/tools/letter.pdf Kher, Unmesh and Paul Cuadros, "A Miracle Denied," Time Magazine, (March 3, 2003): 61. Kirkpatrick, C.D. and Jim Shamp, "Was Second Transplant a Waste of Organs?" (Herald-Sun, 3/2/03), www.herald-sun.com/archives Munson, Ronald, Intervention and Reflection, 6 ed (Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2000). Ubel, Peter A. Robert M. Arnold and Arthur L. Caplan, "Rationing Failure: The Ethical Lessons Of the Retransplantation of Scarce Vital Organs," reprinted in Arthur L. Caplan and Daniel H. Coelho, The Ethics of Organ Transplants, (Amhurst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1998), 260-73. Veatch, Robert M., Transplantation Ethics, (Washington, DC: Georgetown UP, 2000), 277-413. Vedantam, Shankar, "U.S. Citizens Get More Organs Than They Give," (Washington Post, 3/3/03), www.washingtonpost.com/ac2

Lab- a/P Classification of Body Membranes

Classification of Body Membranes Laszlo Vass, Ed. D. Version 42-0010-00-01 Lab repOrt assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Purpose What is the purpose of this exercise? ?Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. Exercise 1: The Microscopic Structure of Cutaneous Membranes ObservatiOns Sketch your observations from the microscope slide in the lab report assistant. Indicate the keratinized layer on the sketch and describe the observed structures and cells. QuestiOns A. What is keratin? B. Why is the skin keratinized?Exercise 2: The Microscopic Structure of Mucous Membranes ObservatiOns Draw and describe the structures you observed of the following slides: A. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the trachea B. Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) of the esophagus C. Simple columnar epithelium (duodenum) of the small intestine QuestiOns A. Compare and contrast the roles of the three mucous membranes. B. What is the role of mucous in the body?Exercise 3: Observing Synovial Membrane ObservatiOns | Data Table 1: Observing Synovial Membrane |Tissue Types (epithelial/ |Membrane |connective) |Common Location |Functions |Cutaneous |Mucous | Serous |Synovial | QuestiOns A. What i s the function of the synovial membrane? B. Rheumatoid arthritis results in part from an infection and immune response in the synovial membrane. What effect does this have on the ability of this membrane to carry out its functions? C. Complete Data Table 1 under observations.Conclusion Research pleurisy, peritonitis, and pericarditis. What are these conditions and how do they affect homeostasis in the body?Experiment ClassifiCation of Body MeMBranes 86 Â ©Hands-On Labs, Inc. www. LabPaq. com

Apple-Merging Technology, Business and Entertainment Essay

1. Explain how Apple achieved business success through the use of: a. Information I think, the chief point is market information. In 2000, Steve Jobs found the reality in society that millions of people were using computers and burners to make audio CDs and to download digital songs from illegal online services like Napster. And then, Jobs was worried that he was looking in the wrong direction and he had missed the Mp3 bandwagon. b.information technology Firstly, after Jobs found the market information firstly, he bought the SoundStep from Jeff Robbin, moreover, Robbin and a couple of other programmers began writing code from scratch and developed the first version of ITunes. Secondly, Jobs make iTunes portable. Thirdly, after the ipod was born, Jobs noticed the last key element was missing, online store for buying downloadable songs, and then he achieve it. c.people person’s sensitivity, expert and initiative, for example: No.1 is Steve Jobs, the market information founder, he is a sensitivity man. No.2 are Steve Jobs and other programmers, they are all expert in information technology. No.3 is Join Lin, an initiative man. 2.Describe the types of information employees at an Apple store might require. The consumer’s want , the competitors’ technology and the personal income . 3.Describe the types of information the executives at Apple’s corporate headquarters require. Market information, current trends, product’s benefit and company’s capitalization. 4.How are the two groups above going to obtain the information†¦i.e. what types of systems, IT components, software, etc are needed. â‘  I think, the employees can obtain information from what the consumer or colleague’s say, the local area network in the company and the system of company’s information delivery. They need computer, the software of company’s information delivery and other’s necessary IT components. â‘ ¡The executive at corporate headquarters can obtain information from the various information platform, for example, financial system, market early warning system and ERP etc. They need computer and correlative software. 5.When you think of the Apple brand, what images come to mind? There is no doubt, up to date, Apple is success, in the diversification market, Apple found his own product different from others, and then Apple continue innovating and combining, achieved great success. 6.What kind of Business Culture do you believe exists at Apple? The first one is innovating and creating spirit; the second is combining, I believe. 7.Use your â€Å"Crystal Ball†, to predict what new innovative ideas you believe will come from Apple in the future. It is possible that Apple will make more products in the digital information system, they do not only create music software, but also they can make videotex product, because videotext product is the new trends in current society. 8.From an investment perspective, what do you think of Apple’s future? If Apple continue innovating and creating base on the new trends, I think of Apple’s future is better, maybe Apple will become the biggest sof tware cooperation just as Microsoft and IBM in the world.

How to Get Copies of Your Past Income Tax Returns

How to Get Copies of Your Past Income Tax Returns You can get either exact copies or brief â€Å"transcript† of your past U.S. federal tax returns from the IRS. Typically, you can request copies or transcripts of Tax Forms 1040, 1040A, and 1040EZ for up to 6 years after they were filed (after which they are destroyed by law). Copies of other types of tax forms may be available for longer than 6 years. Exact Copies - $50 Each You can request an exact copy of a past tax return by using IRS Tax Form 4506 (Request for Copy of Tax Return). Note that you can only order 1 type of tax return per request form, which means you must submit separate Forms 4506 if you need different types of returns. Make sure your full payment (of $50 per copy) is included with your request. Also keep in mind that it may take the IRS up to 75 days to process your request.Copies of jointly filed tax returns may be requested by either spouse and only one signature is required. Allow 60 calendar days to receive your copies. Transcripts of Tax Returns No Charge For many purposes, you can meet the requirements for past tax returns with a â€Å"transcript† – a computer print-out of the information on your old tax return – rather than an exact copy. A transcript may be an acceptable substitute for an exact copy of a return by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services and lending agencies for student loans and mortgages.A tax return transcript will show most line items contained on the return as it was originally filed. If you need a statement of your tax account which shows changes that you or the IRS made after the original return was filed, however, you must request a tax account transcript. Both transcripts are generally available for the current and past three years and are provided free of charge. The period in which you will receive the transcript varies from within ten to thirty business days from the time the IRS receives your request for the tax return or tax account transcript.You can obtain a free t ranscript by calling the IRS at toll-free 800-829-1040 and following the prompts in the recorded message. You can also obtain a free transcript by completing IRS Form 4506-T (PDF), Request for Transcript of Tax Return, and mailing it to the address listed in the instructions. Why Would You Need Old Tax Returns? Why do thousands of taxpayers request copies of past returns every year? According to the IRS, there are lots of reasons, including: You Miscalculated: Something as simple as a minor math mistake on a tax form can leave you needing to resolve an issue with the IRS. Typically, you will need to re-file the return to resolve the problem.You Lost the Old Ones: Lots of taxpayers like or need to keep detailed tax records.You Need Proof: Many financial chores, like applying for a loan require proof of your past tax records.You Forgot Some Documents: The IRS might require you to recalculate your taxes is you forgot to attach certain documents. For example, you might need documents proving your deductions or a copy of a W2 form.You Are Filing for Bankruptcy: Let’s hope you never do, but if you are filing for bankruptcy you’ll need copies of your past tax returns. Being able to provide the bankruptcy court with a complete financial history is a top priority in the process. Note for Taxpayers Trying to Get or Modify a Home Loan To help taxpayers trying to obtain, modify or refinance a home mortgage, the IRS has created IRS Form 4506T-EZ, Short Form Request for Individual Tax Return Transcript. Transcripts ordered using Form 4506T may also be mailed to a third party, such as a mortgage institution  if specified on the form. You must sign and date the form giving your consent for the disclosure. Businesses, partnerships or individuals who need transcript information from other forms, such as Form W-2 or Form 1099, can use Form 4506-T (PDF), Request for Transcript of Tax Return, to obtain the information. These transcripts may also be mailed to a third party if there is consent for the disclosure. Note for Taxpayers Impacted by Federally Declared Disasters For taxpayer impacted by a federally declared disaster, the IRS will waive the usual fees and expedite requests for copies of tax returns for people who need them to apply for benefits or to file amended returns claiming disaster-related losses. For additional information, refer to IRS Tax Topic 107, Tax Relief Disaster Situations, or call the IRS Disaster Assistance Hotline at 866-562-5227.

Skydiving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Skydiving - Essay Example As the report declares the tourism industry in Kyiv has to entice more of such international tourists so as to generate higher revenues. Compared to group tourists, independent non-packaged or individual tourists spent more cash on meals, entertainment, gambling, lodging sightseeing and local transportation. Casino operators therefore have to focus on attracting more foreign independent tourists so as maximize their earnings. This paper stresses that Tobit analysis was employed to analyze the travel spending of Kyiv visitors. This technique was coined by Tobit. It was meant to estimate equations especially when a set of continuous observations on truncated criterion variable, usually at zero. This model poses two advantages first is that it presents efficient parameter estimates and the accurate estimates of the expected value of the variable. The second one is that it allows estimating both the market participation effect and the conditional quantity effect. The Tobit model used presented the below question to show the correlation between ith visitors’ daily travel expenditure on kth spending category and the independent variables. It is expected that the travel expenditure totals of Kyiv visitors have a positive relation to their per capita income and the people’s number in the party. Senior lecturers from the University of Kyiv helped in translating English questionnaire into simplified C hinese, Korean and French so as to ensure that most of the visitors literacy needs are satisfied. After the translation the questionnaire were verified by employees from Kyiv hotel and students together with staff members from the same university. After verifying the translation, 20 students pre-tested the questionnaire so as to validate it. The questionnaire had two parts designed to gather as much information as possible from the tourists. The first part based on the demographic, behavioral, socio-economic including entry mode, country of origin, party size,

Deception Detection in the Courtroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Deception Detection in the Courtroom - Essay Example For instance, the use of the polygraph can give misleading information about a person. The simple principle applied by polygraphs is that it is stressful to lie, and stress brings up certain changes to normal functions of the body. The deviations from the norm can be measured, and the levels of stress determined to give conclusions. Another technology that is applied is fMRI. This is a type of technology that gives the direct behavior of the brain. Studies have been conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of this technology through experiments. There are differences in the brain’s activities when a person is engaging in lies and when the person is telling the truth. This simple principle is applied in the use of fMRI. There are debates that revolve around the application of this technology in getting justice in court rooms, but they have not been agreed upon. In this technology, there are procedures applied to detect deception. First there is the Control Question Test (CQT), this uses simple yes/no answers to get the culprits’ data captured and the second is Guilt Knowledge Test (GKT). The test is used to unveil any hidden information from the person being tested. Another technique that can be used is brain fingerprinting, this technology applies the use of electroencephalography. This technique is used to detect any hidden information in the brain through measurement of electric brain waves. This technique is also being tested for the determination of whether individuals are engaging in lies or not.