Exocentric Compound Definition and Examples

In morphology, an exocentric compound is a  compound construction that lacks a head word: That is, the construction as a whole is not grammatically and/or semantically equivalent to either of its parts. Also called a headless compound. Contrast with endocentric compound (a construction that  fulfills the same linguistic function as one of its parts). Put another way, an exocentric compound is a compound word thats not a hyponym  of its grammatical head.  As discussed below, one well-known type of exocentric compound is the  bahuvrihi compound  (a term that is sometimes treated as a synonym for ​exocentric compound). Linguist Valerie Adams illustrates exocentricity in this way: The term exocentric  describes expressions in which  no part seems to be of the same kind as the whole or to be central to it. The noun change-over is exocentric, and so are verb-complement noun compounds like stop-gap, along with adjective noun and noun noun compounds like air-head, paperback, lowlife. These compounds...do not denote the same kind of entity as their final elements.  Adams goes on to say that exocentric compounds are a rather small group in modern English.   Examples and Observations Delmore Schwartz The  new public attitude becomes clear if you ask this leading question: Which would you rather be, an egghead or a  blockhead?   Matthew Ricketson [Barry]  Humphries, whose act combines  lowbrow  antics with a highbrow aesthetic, is both well educated and well read, as the range of images and references in his conversation displays. Lexicalized Metonyms According to Volkmar Lehmann in Categories of Word-Formation.[E]xocentric compounds are a major type of metonyms, not only in ad hoc settings... but also as lexicalized items with often highly idiosyncratic, fixed interpretations, as a few examples in (84) show: (84a) green beret, blue jacket, red shirt, blue stocking, brass hat, red cap (84b) red skin, flatfoot, red head, long nose (84c) pickpocket, fly over, scarecrow, breakfast Lexicalized metonyms are frequently adjective-noun compounds with the bearer of the specified attributes providing the head, as the examples (84a) and (84b) show; other types are based on verb complement combination where the omitted agent of the verb supplies the head, as in cases like (84c). Bahuvrihi Compounds According to Laurie Bauer in The Typology of Exocentric Compounding, There is no surprise in having bahuvrihi compounds as one of the types of exocentric compound—or at least, if there is, it is because the Sanskrit label is sometimes appropriated for exocentrics as a group rather than for one type of exocentric.... As is well known, the label is from Sanskrit, where it exemplifies the types. The elements are bahu-vrihi  much rice and it means having much rice (e.g. of a village) or one who/which has much rice..... The alternative label possessive compound is explained by the example of bahuvrihi,...though there are some examples where the gloss is less obvious: for example, English red-eye (with various meanings including cheap whisky and overnight flight) does not clearly denote anything which has red eyes, but rather something which causes someone to have red eyes. Typically,  bahuvrihis are made up of a noun (the possessed noun) and a modifier for that noun.In Adjectives as Nouns, Anne Aschenbrenner says, Exocentric compounds can also function as a means to denote a characteristic of a person. Marchand (1969) however, refuses the term compound in exocentric compound because he argues that a  bahuvrihi  compound like paleface would not imply the paraphrase *a face that is pale but a person who has a pale face. Hence, the combination must be called a derivate (i.e. due to zero-derivation) in his opinion.   Sources Adams, Valerie.  Complex Words in English,  Routledge,  2013. Aschenbrenner, Anne.  Adjectives as Nouns, Mainly as Attested in Boethius Translations From Old to Modern English and in Modern German. Herbert Utz Verlag, 2014. Bauer, Laurie. The Typology of Exocentric Compounding.  Cross-Disciplinary Issues in Compounding, edited  by Sergio Scalise and Irene Vogel. John Benjamins, 2010. Lehmann, Volkmar. Categories of Word-Formation.  Word-Formation: An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe, vol. 2, edited  by  Peter O. Mà ¼ller et al., Walter de Gruyter, 2015. Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation. 2nd ed, C. H. Becksche Verlagsbuchhandlung,  1969, pp. 13-14. Ricketson, Matthew,  The Best  Australian Profiles,  edited  by Matthew Ricketson. Black, 2004. Schwartz, Delmore. Survey of Our National Phenomena.  The Ego Is Always at the Wheel, edited  by Robert Phillips. New Directions, 1986.

Cyber Bullying Among Teenagers Essay - 4981 Words

CYBER BULLYING AMONG TEENAGERS An Undergraduate Research Paper Presented to Prof. Rene Laurente G. Reyes In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For ENGL 1023 by ETA Bernadette A. Mendoza Rosette Diane A. Sta. Rosa Christine Joy D. Tamayo Elijah Mae J. Santos Angelika Ramota January 13, 2014 Cyber Bullying among Teenagers I. Cyber Bullying a. Definition b. History c. Thesis Statement II. Bullies and the Victims a. Feelings b. Facing Bullying III. Causes of Cyber Bullying a. Social Media b. Gender Difference c. Racism IV. Effects of Cyber Bullying a. Psychological b. Psychosocial V. Preventive Measures on Cyber Bullying a. Cyber Bullying Act b. Parent’s Duty c. Set Security and†¦show more content†¦These tactics are dangerous because once a student realizes their effectiveness, he or she may construct a life style from them. Developing a habitual use of bullying tactics can lead to negatively affecting a countless number of people as well as corruption in the workplace. Traditional bullying vs. Cyber bullying Technology’s progression is often equated with the advancement of human societies. Pivotal innovations, such as the Internet, have forever changed how people interact. Though these developments have allowed the human race to make great strides in many fields, they have also allowed forms of transgression to become more rampant and widespread. This is evident when considering how traditional bullying has evolved into an issue today known as cyberbullying. While bullying and cyberbullying are often similar in terms of form and technique they also have many differences. Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying allows the offender to mask his or her identity behind a computer. This anonymity makes it easier for the offender to strike blows against a victim without having to see the victim’s physical response. The distancing effect that technological devices have on today’s youth often leads them to say and do crueler things compared to what is typical in a traditio nal face-to-face bullying situation. A technological evolution As technology has evolved, bullying hasShow MoreRelatedCyber Bullying Has Become A Significant Problem Among Teenagers1583 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Cyber bullies can hide behind a mask of anonymity online, and do not need direct physical access to their victims to do unimaginable harm.† I believe this quote significantly summarizes the cowards who take advantage of others through the power of electronics. Verbal bullying has always happened in schools, but cyber bullying has become a significant problem amongst teenagers. Electronic access to social media outlets such as facebook, twitter, vine and snapchat, has made it easy for people to bullyRead MoreBullying And The Cyber Bullying Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesSTATEMENT BACKGROUND Cyber bullying refers to something when one uses their cell phone, computers or an electronic device to access internet and technology for the purpose of harassment and providing harms to others. Sending inappropriate messages, uploading disturbing images, threatening and posting something without someone’s’ approval are the forms of cyber bullying. The main aim of this research study is to look after the cyber bullying and the possible reasons of occurrence in teenagers. With the reasonsRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects On Society1283 Words   |  6 Pagesand entertainment among people all across the world. Despite the positivity of social media, it is also now being used to cause harm to people. 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Pompeii- Politcal Life Free Essays

Pompeii, as a typical Roman colony provincial towns, was self-administrating in local matters, but subject to imperial decree from Rome. However, the emperor rarely interfered except where the empire’s security or local order was threatened. After the revolt in the amphitheatre between Pompeians and Nucerians in AD 59 the emperor, Nero, dismissed the two chief magistrates, had two more elected and appointed a law-giving prefect to supervise them. We will write a custom essay sample on Pompeii- Politcal Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now The inhabitants did not rail against such interference and constantly demonstrated their loyalty to the imperial family by constructing dedicatory statues, shrines, arches and buildings. The actual government, the executive body, consisted of two duumviri and two aediles, annually elected by the comitium, the people’s assembly of which all adult male citizens were members. The Duumviri were the two chief magistrates of each town and were placed the highest in political life. During their years of office, the Duumviri wore a toga with a thick purple boarder and would enjoy the best seats at the public games or at the theatre. Because they were endowed with the power to revise the Council Roll, the ‘Quinquennales’ commanded the greatest respect. The annual election of these four magistrates was the comitium’s only function, and the elections did not fail to generate a fair deal of passion and excitement which can be seen in Source A which is showing graffiti of a political matter drawn on a wall to notify the people of Pompeii about the political event occurring. Of the four magistrates, the two aediles were in charge of public buildings, including temples such as the Temple of Isis, which can be seen in source B. The Temple of Isis In Pompeii, only freeborn male citizens over 25 with good moral character could vote. Housing blocks or districts constituted electoral areas. The Senatorial and the Equestrian classes represented and served the Roman Emperor. For senators, it was a hereditary position, with the requirement to have property valued at 1 million secterces. Senators were usually wealthy Romans who visited their villas in Pompeii. Equites were identified by togas with a narrow purple stripe. Equites served the Emperor in important posts such as commanders of fire services and military officers. It was not a hereditary position and was only given to men with property equal to 400,000 secterces. Decurions, were elected to run the town. Two were called duumviri, and were senior magistrates. They presided over elections, carried out decrees of the Decurion council, and were in charge of justice and finance. The two junior Decurions were the Aediles. They managed the dayto- day running of the town, upkeep of public buildings, water supply, sanitation, street markets and maintained order. Aediles were unpaid and needed other occupations to pay their employees. Politics and religion were heavily intertwined, where religious roles became political. The Augustales was an imperial cult of freedmen, which afforded its members political power. Membership was purchased; therefore a degree of wealth was required. Located one block away from the Forum in Pompeii is the Temple of Fortuna Augusta which housed the Augustales. characteristic was self-governance. .The duumviri were in charge of justice. Every five years, the duumviri were also responsible for organizing the census of all citizens and of revising the list of members of the ordo decurionum, the legislative council (or senate). It had about 100 members (decuriones), among them the former magistrates and other citizens appointed by the duumviri every five years. They had to be free-born citizens and wealthy enough to be able to spend considerable sums on the community. Some professions (such as gladiators, actors and innkeepers) were excluded from membership, which otherwise appears to have been relatively open. The Aediles, however, being the two lower ranking magistrates of the two towns, were responsible for the everyday administration. The reconstruction of Pompeii’s political structure is mainly based on epigraphical evidence such as the many election slogans on the walls of private as well public buildings, and on comparisons with other, similar colonies. The dramatic change from basically independent Samnite town to a Roman colony had of course a great impact on Pompeii’s townscape and the lifestyle of its inhabitants. The epigraphic evidence suggests that political activity in Pompeii was intense, especially leading up to the elections in March of each year. It appears from the thousands of electoral notices painted on the walls that most people, including women, were politically aware and enthusiastic. BUILDINGS The city council met in the lavishly decorated Curia chamber on the southern side of the Forum adjacent to the Comitium (People’s assembly) in the southern-eastern corner. The Comitium was a roofless building where town meetings were held during which the citizens could question the members of the government. The evidence for heavy gates suggests that some meetings might have been quite boisterous. It may also have been used on polling day. On the other side of the Curia was the small Tabularium where all the government. Business was recorded and filed, including tax records. Next door were the offices of the magistrates. The basilica was the seat of the judiciary and law courts, as well as a centre for business activities. Basilicas usually followed a standard plan: a long rectangular central hall, flanked on either side by a colonnaded aisle and an apse at one end. The central hall in Pompeii’s Basilica was two storeyed with light filtering through from the upper gallery. At one end, five doors linked the hall with the Forum and at the other was a raised podium where the magistrate, as judge, sat above the lawyers, witnesses, plaintiffs and defendants. It is believed that the tribunal podium was accessed by portable wooden steps which were removed during a session so that the public could not reach the judge. The two duoviri made judgements about: unworthy decurions, electoral candidates without the required qualifications, inappropriate behaviour during elections, and misuse of public funds, robberies and murder. They were responsible for sentencing, but could only give the death penalty to foreigners and slaves. ELECTION FEVER About half of the electoral manifestos and propaganda discovered in Pompeii related to the election of March AD 79. Earlier slogans were whitewashed over to make advertising room for the next group of candidates. To identify himself, a candidate wore a white toga (candida) and employed a slave to whisper his name to all with whom he came in contact (nomenclator). How to cite Pompeii- Politcal Life, Papers

Innovative Health Care Delivery Model

Question: Describe one innovative health care delivery model that incorporates an interdisciplinary care delivery team. How is this advantageous to patient outcomes? Answer: Patient-Centered Medical Home would be effective for healthcare units in delivering quality service to the people or patients. Under this care liberation model, the patient treatment can be effectively coordinated via primary care physician. As a result of that, the patients would be able to receive required care and services from healthcare staffs (Zajac et al. 2014). Moreover, initial quick service to the sufferers will be provided and they do not have to wait to get initial treatment. On the other hand, the model will help in improving outcomes and decreasing costs and further restructuring re-imbursements. The patients would be able to seek timely service from the primary care physician. As an outcome, the patients can witness quick recovery in their health. Apart from that, patients would acknowledge more responsible staffs that would be ready all time to help them. Moreover, if the patients are in serious condition then it through this model the patients would be receiving all the support and medical treatment so that he/she can recover in quick time or came out of danger situation. On the other hand, the healthcare unit will be able to include more responsible, experience and capable on the board to deliver needed support and services to the patients (Patel et al. 2015). Under the model, the patients would not have to invest more money for medical treatment. Moreover, the patients would be able to know who are assigned for taking care of them in day and night. Therefore, it would provide mental satisfaction to the patients. References Patel, N. K., Jan, C. R., Stange, K. C., Miller, W. L., Crabtree, B. F., Nutting, P. (2015). Patient Centered Medical Home: A Journey Not a Destination. InGeriatrics Models of Care(pp. 155-162). Springer International Publishing. Zajac, P., Norris, M., Keenum, A. (2014). Patient-centered medical home. Osteopathic Family Physician, 6(1).